Forensic Biology refers to the application of biological principles and techniques to analyze biological evidence in a legal context. This skill encompasses the examination of bodily fluids, tissues, and other biological materials to identify individuals, determine cause of death, and provide insights into criminal activities. Knowledge of Forensic Biology is used to support investigations by providing scientific evidence that can be presented in court, thereby aiding in the resolution of legal cases.

Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry to the legal system. It involves the analysis of physical evidence found at crime scenes, in order to help gather information to solve crimes. Forensic chemists are highly specialized professionals who work alongside law enforcement agencies, using their scientific knowledge and expertise to assist in the investigation and prosecution of crimes. They use various analytical techniques to identify and analyze substances such as drugs, explosives, toxins, and trace elements found at the crime scene. The results of their analyses can be used as evidence in court proceedings and can be instrumental in securing convictions.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a specialized laboratory technique used to separate and compare large fragments of DNA. It is a powerful tool for identifying and tracking disease outbreaks caused by bacteria or viruses, as well as for studying the genetic diversity and relatedness of organisms. PFGE requires specialized equipment and expertise to perform, and is typically used by trained professionals in academic research institutions or public health laboratories.

Serotype refers to the classification of microorganisms, particularly bacteria and viruses, based on their distinct surface antigens. This skill involves identifying and categorizing these microorganisms to understand their epidemiology, track outbreaks, and develop targeted vaccines or treatments. Knowledge of Serotype is utilized in clinical diagnostics, public health surveillance, and research to monitor pathogen variation and inform infection control strategies.

Tandem Mass Spectrometry refers to an analytical technique that combines two or more mass spectrometers in sequence to analyze complex mixtures of compounds. This skill involves the fragmentation of ions in the first mass spectrometer, followed by the analysis of the resulting fragments in the second mass spectrometer, allowing for detailed structural information about the molecules. Knowledge of Tandem Mass Spectrometry is utilized in various fields, including proteomics, metabolomics, and environmental analysis, to identify and quantify substances with high sensitivity and specificity.